MARQUEURS BIOLOGIQUES
DE LA MALADIE D ALZHEIMER.
par Didier Lefranc
I] INTRODUCTION :
Dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, il n'existe pas "un"
marqueur du diagnostic de MA. Depuis plus d'une décennie, grâce
aux progrès de la biologie et des techniques d'imagerie, un nombre
considérable de travaux ont été publiés dans
ce domaine avec le plus souvent des résultats jugés statistiquement
significatifs. Néanmoins, les résultats montrent un chevauchement
important entre les populations de patients possédant les critères
de maladie d'Alzheimer "probable" et les sujets utilisés
comme contrôles. Ceci est dû, d'une part à la présence
d'environ 20% de "faux diagnostics positifs" dans la population
étudiée (Tierney et al., 1988) et d'autre part, à
la présence dans la population dite "contrôle" de
patients atteints d'une maladie d'Alzheimer à un stade encore asymptomatique.
Ces résultats obtenus sur des groupes sont très significatifs
mais ils ne sont pas applicables à un individu donné.
II] ETAT DE LA QUESTION :
2. Marqueurs en rapport avec les dépots amyloïdes.
Les dépots amyloïdes intra-parenchymateux et cérébrovasculaires
sont une des caractéristiques histopathologiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer.
La protéine amyloïde ßA4 est issue de précurseurs
(APP) dont on connait plusieurs variants comprenant les formes à
695, 751 et 770 résidus d'amino-acides, avec ou sans insert ayant
une activité anti-protéasique de type Kunitz (KPI). L'APP
695 est principalement exprimée dans le cerveau alors que les APP
751 et 770 sont retrouvés essentiellement dans les autres organes.
2.1°) L'Amyloid protein precursor (APP):
Depuis les travaux de Palmert et al. (1989) qui demontrent la présence
de formes solubles d'APP dans le LCR, les dosages dans le LCR ont montré
une diminution significative des isoformes 695, 751 et 770 d'APP chez les
patients Alzheimer par rapport aux sujets contrôles avec néammoins
un chevauchement important. Là aussi cette diminution ne semble
pas spécifique puisqu'également retrouvée dans des
cas de démence par infarctus multiples (Prior et al., 1991). Cette
diminution des isoformes solubles d'APP a été également
décrite par Van Nostrand et al. (1992). Ces auteurs précisent
même que la valeur significative pour un patient diagnostiqué
Alzheimer probable est 3,5 fois plus basse que ce qui rencontré
chez les autres déments ou les sujets sains. Ces diminutions des
formes solubles a également été décrite dans
des cas familiaux de MA (Farlow et al., 1992). Néanmoins, Les formes
solubles d'APP contenant KPI ne peuvent être considérées
comme marqueur. Aussi, certains auteurs considèrent que cette diminution
de concentration d'APP dans le LCR serait un reflet du statut démentiel
des patients (Urakami et al., 1993) ou un reflet de la perte neuronale
(Francis et al., 1993).
Dans le plasma, les dosages des produits de clivage de l'APP (Bush et
al., 1990) montrent une augmentation des produits de haut poids moléculaire
et une diminution de ceux de faible poids (Bush et al., 1991, 1992). Cette
technique séduisante nécessite malheureusement une manipulation
du LCR comprenant par exemple une chromatographie d'affinité ou
une immunoprecipitation, ce qui la rend difficilement applicable en pratique
clinique courante. De même les travaux de Martins et al. (1993) montrent
une diminution significative de l'APP au cours de la MA, mais cette analyse
passe par un enrichissement de la fraction plasmatique par chromatographie.
Par ailleurs, selon Joachim et al. (1989), la surcharge en protéines
amyloïdes ne serait pas exclusivement localisée au niveau cérébral.
Des dépôts de susbtance amyloïde seraient retrouvés
en plus grandes quantités au niveau cutané. D'un grand intérêt
sur le plan pathogénique et diagnostique, ce résultat n'a
malheureusement pas été aussi clairement établies
par les études qui ont suivies (Soininen et al., 1992; Ikeda et
al., 1993; Heinonen et al., 1994, Wen et al., 1994).
2.2°) Le peptide amyloïde ou Aß:
Depuis les travaux de Seubert et al.(1992) qui ont permis la mise en
évidence de fromes solubles de peptides Ab dans le LCR et la plasma,
les études qui ont portés sur le dosage d'Ab dans le LCR
n'ont apportés que des résultats contradictoires ou peu convaincant
(Pour revue voir Southwick et al., 1996). Parfois retrouvé en concentration
augmentée, parfois en concentration diminuée ou inchangée,
le dosage d'Aß dans le LCR ne semblait pas correspondre aux attentes
d'un marqueur. Cependant depuis peu, le dosage a porté sélectivement
sur les formes 1-40 et 1-42 du peptide. Il est ainsi suggéré
que les formes 1-42 seraient diminuées dans le LCR au coursde la
MA alors que les formes 1-40 ne seraient que peu ou pas affectées
(Motter et al., 1995). Cette diminution de la concentration d'Aß
1-42 a été confirmée par les travaux de Kanaï
et al. (1996) et d'Ida et al. (1996). Certains auteurs comme Seubert (1996)
propose un dosage simultané de proteine Tau et d'Ab dans le LCR
afin d'augmenter la sensibilité des tests. Par ailleurs, une étude
sur des formes familiales de MA montre que la concentration d'Ab 1-42 dans
le plasma serait anormalement élevée dans des cas familiaux
de MA lés à PS1, PS2 et l'APP.
2.3°) L'apolipoprotéine E:
Retrouvée dans le plaques séniles (Namba et al.I, 1991)
l'apoE est actuellement definie comme facteur de risque de la MA. En effet,
des études récentes ont montré une augmentation de
fréquence de l'allèle apoE e4 dans des populations de patients
atteints de MA (Strittmatter et al., 1993). Cette apoE a fait l'objet d'analyses
quantitatives dans le LCR avec des résultats parfois discordant.
En effet, dans une vaste étude, Carlsson et al. (1991) ne trouvent
pas de variations significatives de la quantité d'apoE dans le LCR
en relation avec des troubles neurologiques. Néanmoins, Blennow
et al. (1994) décrivent une diminution d'apoE intrathécales
en liaison avec la MA. Cependant leur analyse n'a pas été
totalement confirmée (Lethimaki et al., 1995; Lefranc et al., 1996).
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